Buffaloes play a crucial role in global agriculture, especially in India, where they contribute significantly to milk production and meat exports. Over the past century, buffaloes have evolved from being primarily a source of hide to a valuable livestock species known for their triple-purpose utility: milk, meat and draught power. India, with over 53% of the world’s Buffalo meat productivity, produces 39% of global buffalo meat, highlighting the untapped potential for increased production. Buffaloes are well adapted to tropical climates, and their breeds, such as Murrah, Nili-Ravi and Jaffarabadi, have been selectively bred for enhanced productivity. While traditionally bred for milk and labour, buffaloes have gained recognition as a meat source in recent decades, particularly in export markets. Policies emphasizing the development of buffaloes for meat production alongside milk are crucial for optimizing their economic contribution. This chapter explores the historical development, population trends and meat production potential of buffaloes, focusing on their unique role in Indian agriculture and export markets.