Emerging pollutants cover a wide range of substances, including drugs, personal care products (PCPs), softeners, hormones, microplastics (MPs)/nano-plastics (NPs), pesticides, perfluorinated organic compounds, endocrine disruptors (EDs), etc., which cause heavy damage to the health of humans, animals, as well as the environment. Because they are often only found in small amounts in water with a complicated composition, their exact detection, and removal pose a big challenge. Graphene, a material that is primarily a two-dimensional carbon atom sheet, and its nanocomposites are considered to be an up-and-coming solution for the efficient and cost-effective detection and removal of pesticides and other similar pollutants. The unique lattice structure of graphene and its tailored surface chemistry, the easy surface functionalization and pore formations, and the high mobility of electrons are the main points to consider for the purification of these new contaminants of the water bodies by the technology. This chapter deals with the main idea that depends on graphene and its various derivatives, such as graphene quantum dots, graphene oxide (GO), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and their functionalization with a variety of chemical moieties like metals, aptamers, molecularly imprinted polymers, etc., for improving the selectivity toward target pollutants. Additionally, this chapter also examines the potential of chip technology, which will be critical in the near future, as well as the new methods and materials recently innovated in the present technological field of environmental concerns.