According to estimates from the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 2.2 billion individuals worldwide experience varying degrees of visual impairment, encompassing both near and distant vision challenges, emphasizing the widespread impact of visual health on a global scale. This comprehensive review paper explores the evolution and significance of mobility aids, particularly canes, for individuals with visual impairments. It delves into the historical development of white canes and the emergence of smart canes, emphasizing the increasing need for technological integration to enhance safety and independence. The review discusses the working principles of smart canes, notably those employing Arduino Uno technology, and classifies canes into traditional white canes and advanced smart canes, including electronic, ultrasonic, and navigation canes. Extensive literature analysis covers various prototypes, technologies, and studies aimed at improving the mobility of visually impaired individuals. The paper concludes by highlighting the transformative potential of smart canes in promoting autonomy, accessibility, and inclusivity in the daily lives of those with visual impairments.