Carbon sequestration is a method to capture and store CO2 from the atmosphere or industrial processes to mitigate the impacts of climate change. However, this approach presents several geoenvironmental challenges, such as the potential for leakage, groundwater contamination, induced seismic activity, surface disturbances, regulatory and legal complexities, and public acceptance issues. Addressing these concerns is vital to ensuring carbon capture and storage projects’ safety, security, and sustainability. This study aims to assess various aspects of CO2 storage sites, including screening criteria, risk evaluation, geochemical interactions, and economic factors, to gain insights into the geoenvironmental aspects of carbon storage sites. Additionally, the research examines trends in research output and publication growth in this field. It also delves into keyword co-occurrence, co-authorship among researchers and countries, bibliographic coupling, and co-citation analysis. Lastly, the article discusses both the limitations and prospects of carbon sequestration. This comprehensive review aims to provide a foundation for future research strategies in carbon sequestration.