In recent years, we have witnessed a global change in the planning and development of science missions. New actors are flourishing, mainly in Asia, but also in Latin America and Australia. In addition, lower-cost access to space and the introduction of new technologies, such as miniaturized systems with improved performance, open new ways of cooperation and require changes in traditional methods of carrying out collaborative science projects. The basic underlying mechanisms described in the previous chapters will certainly remain, including the science goals, mutual benefit, mutual trust, and cultural understanding.