Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a segment of the electromagnetic spectrum spanning from 10 to 400 nm and is categorized into three primary types: UV-A (320–400 nm), UV-B (280–320 nm), and UV-C (100–280 nm). The UV radiation that penetrates the Earth’s atmosphere primarily consists of UV-A (95%) and a smaller proportion of UV-B (5%), as much of the latter is absorbed by the stratospheric ozone layer. This specific wavelength of radiation significantly influences plant growth and development by modifying key organic compounds essential for life. Research has shown that UV-B exposure leads to alterations in plant morphology, physiology, and both primary and secondary metabolism, ultimately impacting crop yield. However, the potential effects of fluctuating UV-B levels in response to ozone layer changes on agricultural ecosystems remain uncertain. This chapter aims to provide an overview of current findings on how UV radiation alters the major phytohormones and affects the morphological, biochemical, and genetic characteristics of plants, with a particular focus on major oilseed crops.