This chapter provides a succinct overview of China’s advancements in addressing atmospheric pollution and climate change, alongside an analysis of its challenges in meeting urban air quality standards and achieving carbon emission peaks. The implementation of initiatives such as the “Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan” and the “Three-Year Action Plan for Winning the Blue Sky Defense Battle” has notably bolstered China’s environmental air quality. However, fundamental restructuring to address structural pollution remains incomplete, as evidenced by the fact that in 2020, forty percent of cities nationwide still exceeded established air quality thresholds. Moreover, with the diminishing efficacy of end-of-pipe control measures and narrowing avenues for pollutant reduction, sustaining air quality improvements presents an increasingly daunting task, necessitating exploration of new avenues for emission mitigation. Regarding peak carbon emissions, the evolution of China’s economy and urbanization has entrenched high-carbon energy and industrial frameworks as pivotal determinants. The interconnectedness of greenhouse gases and atmospheric pollutants in terms of their origins, sources, and processes underscores notable co-benefits in control strategies. Quantitative assessments of measures outlined in the aforementioned action plans, particularly their impacts on reducing PM2.5 concentrations and reducing CO2 emissions, offer both theoretical insights and practical support for coordinated endeavors in climate change mitigation and air pollution abatement. As the potential of end-of-pipe control measures for emission reduction nears exhaustion, the imperative transition towards a low-carbon energy paradigm emerges as the linchpin for substantial air quality enhancement in China. This book further delves into case studies of three cities—Zhengzhou, Shijiazhuang, and Huzhou—to elucidate their distinctive attributes and lessons learned in achieving “dual attainments”. Through these case analyses, common patterns are distilled to probe pathways and strategies for urban “dual attainments” within the context of air quality compliance.