This research examines the gap between the theoretical potential and the actual implementation of renewable energy sources in Sri Lanka, emphasizing the technological, economic, sociocultural, and policy-related obstacles that hinder their full utilization. The objective of the study is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the factors influencing the adoption of renewable energy, particularly in the context of addressing climate change and facilitating global sustainable energy transitions. Engaging a qualitative research approach, data were gathered through semi-structured interviews with a purposefully selected group of 25 participants from renewable energy firms and governmental bodies. The renewable energy companies represented sectors such as solar energy, mini hydropower, and biogas. Government representatives included officials from the Ceylon Electricity Board, Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy Authority, Sri Lanka Atomic Energy Authority, Urban Development Authority, Ministry of Environment, and Ministry of Energy. The data were analysed using thematic analysis. The findings indicated that the main obstacles to the adoption of renewable energy technologies include high initial costs, insufficient technical expertise, difficulties in obtaining financing, inconsistent regulatory frameworks, and a lack of public support, along with opposition to projects that necessitate land acquisition or relocation. These challenges remain despite the recognized benefits of renewable energy, such as reduced greenhouse gas emissions, enhanced energy security, job creation, and technological progress. This study contributes valuable insights into the socio-economic and environmental factors that affect the adoption of renewable energy in developing nations, with a particular emphasis on Sri Lanka. It also provides evidence-based recommendations for improving the integration of renewable energy sources. Future research should focus on conducting comparative assessments of various renewable technologies.