Xenobiotic pollution is an emerging global concern; these pollutants are foreign to biological systems and accumulate in the environment, causing notorious environmental effects and affecting humankind. Due to anthropogenic activity such as industry build-ups, excessive usage of pesticides, and harmful chemical introduction, these pollutants get bioaccumulated, leading to mutagenic, carcinogenic, and teratogenic effects on living entities. The existing conventional methods for xenobiotic degradation are limited because of the high cost, production of more toxic by-products and intermediates than the xenobiotic pollutant, and waste-disposal issues. On the other hand, the degradation of xenobiotics using microorganisms is sustainable, eco-friendly, and economically feasible. Various microorganisms, for example, bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoa, are potential degraders of xenobiotic pollutants. To characterize these microbial communities for a better approach toward bioremediation, several advanced molecular technologies like genomics, metagenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and bioinformatics should be adapted to have a deep insight into the microbial communities exposed to the contaminated environments and thus give a satisfactory approach to resolving the issues related to bioremediation. This review article aims to provide a detailed overview of microbial bioremediation of xenobiotics with special emphasis on the “omics” approach to improve the bioremediation processes. Some prospects of xenobiotic bioremediation, like genetic engineering of microorganisms, bacteriophage-based bioremediation, and nanobioremediation of xenobiotics, have also been discussed to focus on the technologies to make bioremediation faster and more economical in the near future.