Bionanocomposites, hybrid materials that combine biological molecules with nanosized materials, have developed as a radical solution in the domain of therapeutics and drug delivery, by addressing the critical challenges in modern public health. These pioneering composites connect the exclusive properties of nanomaterials, viz. tunable physical and chemical characteristics, high surface area with enhanced bioactivity together with the specificity and biocompatibility of biological mechanisms. This collaboration has led to transformative improvements in the design and delivery of therapeutic agents. One of the crucial contributions of bionanocomposites falls in their capability to achieve targeted drug delivery, enabling the exact transportation of medicines to exact cells or tissues by curtailing the side effects. This is particularly important during the treatment of intricate diseases, viz. cancer, where conventional therapies sometimes affect other healthy tissues. Besides, these composites simplify controls drug release, safeguarding sustained therapeutic efficacy over time and refine patient compliance. In vaccine development, bionanocomposites performance as potent adjuvants and antigen delivery systems, improving immune responses and aiding the creation of next-generation vaccines coupled with improved safety and profiles. They also play a vital role in immunotherapy, offering stages for the delivery of immunomodulatory agents to treat diseases like infectious diseases and autoimmune disorders. Additionally, the antimicrobial properties of certain bionanocomposites have been leveraged in producing wound dressings and coatings for medical devices, reducing infection risks and encouraging healing. Despite these challenges, advancements, viz. scalability, safety, and regulatory hurdles persist blocks to their extensive acceptance. This chapter reviews the groundbreaking role of bionanocomposites in therapeutics and drug delivery, underlining their transformative role in public health. By mentioning the existing developments, limitations, and future research in this field, the chapter grip on its capacity to transform healthcare delivery and refine global health results. The present works also mention some full and partial green manufacturing practices to communicate the sustainability opportunities and aspects to the researchers.