Between Socialism and Islam: Mapping Inclusion and Exclusion in Bhutto’s Populism
摘要
Zulfikar Ali BhuttoBhutto, Zulfikar Ali is among the few political leaders in Pakistan for whom the qualifier “populist” has been extensively used in the literature. The chapter applies a novel model introduced in this book to outline the inclusionary and exclusionary features of his populist discourse, along both horizontal and vertical politico-discursive space. The chapter begins with a brief profile of BhuttoBhutto, Zulfikar Ali. It shares the sociopolitical and economic context in which BhuttoBhutto, Zulfikar Ali started his political career to explain how the populist discourse of BhuttoBhutto, Zulfikar Ali echoes the sociopolitical and economic conditions of Pakistan in the 1970s. As the model gauges the distinction between inclusionary and exclusionary populism on three dimensions: material, political, and symbolic, the chapter examines the populism of BhuttoBhutto, Zulfikar Ali along all three dimensions one by one. Based on the findings of these respective analyses of policies, political composition, and symbolism, the chapter ends with a projection of BhuttoBhutto, Zulfikar Ali’s populism on the model, figuratively explaining the important social groups in his politico-discursive space along horizontal and vertical dimensions and as per their inclusivity and exclusivity.