Research and development (R&D) is essential for innovation and technological advancement, leading to socio-economic development and improvement of human well-being. It has the potential to address societal challenges such as healthcare, environmental sustainability, energy efficiency and many other critical needs. In the current global scenario, with the growing concerns about climate change and decreasing natural resources, it is imperative that growth is sustainable. This can only be tackled through a focus on research, which not only catalyses technological advancements but also nurtures a culture of innovation and scientific creativity, both of which are vital for long-term success and global competitiveness. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), India, focuses not only on creating Science and Technology (S&T) led knowledge bases, products and technologies but also on human resource development in S&T and has immensely contributed to the socio-economic development of India since its establishment. This strategy has the potential to meet India’s ambitious goals while balancing the pursuit of sustainable development goals with meeting the aspirations of its citizens on the other, through S&T led endeavours.