Natural polymers are of great interest as the need for biocompatible and sustainable materials in pharmaceutical applications grows. The extraction and characterization of several natural polymers from renewable sources, including cellulose, pectin, chitosan, and alginate, are the main objectives of this work. Because of their special physicochemical qualities, these biopolymers can be used as excipients, wound dressings, and drug delivery systems. The goal of optimizing extraction procedures was to preserve the integrity of the polymer structure while increasing yield. Solvent extraction, enzymatic treatment, and alkaline processing were among the techniques used. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were then used for additional characterization. The findings validated the effective separation of superior natural polymers possessing intact functional groups essential for medicinal uses. In addition, the mechanical and thermal characteristics of the isolated polymers were assessed, as well as their biocompatibility and biodegradability. The evaluation of chitosan’s antibacterial activity and alginate’s mucoadhesive qualities revealed their potential for creating novel drug delivery methods. The findings of this chapter highlight the possibility of using natural polymers in place of synthetic materials in the pharmaceutical sector. The results open the door for further uses in medication formulation and administration by offering a thorough grasp of the extraction and characterization procedures. This work helps to the creation of safer and more effective pharmaceutical products that meet modern sustainability goals by utilizing the special qualities of natural polymers.