It is widely believed that refugees or forcibly displaced people are vulnerable to radicalization because of their unstable living conditions. The idea that migrants become radicalized because of their precarious circumstances is not, however, well founded, even though some research supports this claim. As there is a growing concern in some quarters that the Rohingyas are becoming more radicalized in the refugee camps of Cox’s Bazar, this study looks at the situation on the ground and evaluates how the legal and administrative policies of the Bangladeshi government affect the lives of the Rohingya refugees in the camps. Based on a hybrid approach that combines field-based empirical data with qualitative content analysis of published reports by major local and international media outlets, the study comes to the conclusion that the Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA), which is the subject of the most attention and discussion, is more of a criminal organization than a terrorist or radical organization. The study’s conclusions are important, since they offer implications for policy as well as conceptual clarifications. First, it would be far more accurate to deal with the Rohingya refugees as victims of terrorism rather than as terrorists. Second, the idea that radicalization is inevitable for migrants is not supported by actual evidence. The attitudes, strategies, and policies of the host nation and the international community play a significant role in determining whether problems get worse or better. Third, and perhaps most importantly, organized crime and radicalization are not identical or interchangeable.