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Toxicity and contamination of natural resources like water and soil with heavy metals (HMs) is a challenging and severe threat to ecosystem. HMs such as chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), and their metalloids are considered type 1 carcinogens, posing deleterious health concerns to human life globally, even when present in traces. Moreover, their toxicity results in less yields of the crop plants by hampering the metabolic enzymes. Conventional HM decontamination approaches such as reverse osmosis, precipitation, ion exchange, membrane filtration, electrochemical reductions, and adsorption have limitations and disadvantages. The environment-friendly bioremediation approaches including metabolically dependent and independent mechanisms have gained special attention since a few decades as microbes have reportedly critical tolerance mechanisms combating HM toxicity. Also their sustainable and recycled-reuse applications make them convenient and economic globally. Recent advancements in recombinant DNA technology and molecular biology have provided tailored capabilities to the genetically engineered microbes (GEMs) for metal binding, sequestration, bioaccumulation, enzyme catalysis, and exportations through recombinant channel/transporter expression. This chapter not only describes potential GEMs in HMs (specifically As and Cr) detoxification but also the principles and mechanisms of altered bioremediation capabilities in details. Besides this, key and potential gene targets for GEM production and case studies are also discussed.

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As(III) and Cr(VI) Remediation by Genetically Engineered Microorganisms: An Overview of Principles and Criteria of Fundamental Processes

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Nidhi Verma,
  • Sakshi Verma,
  • Aayushi Verma,
  • Kapil Mohan Gupta,
  • Kartikey Bhatt,
  • Vandana Gupta

摘要

Toxicity and contamination of natural resources like water and soil with heavy metals (HMs) is a challenging and severe threat to ecosystem. HMs such as chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), and their metalloids are considered type 1 carcinogens, posing deleterious health concerns to human life globally, even when present in traces. Moreover, their toxicity results in less yields of the crop plants by hampering the metabolic enzymes. Conventional HM decontamination approaches such as reverse osmosis, precipitation, ion exchange, membrane filtration, electrochemical reductions, and adsorption have limitations and disadvantages. The environment-friendly bioremediation approaches including metabolically dependent and independent mechanisms have gained special attention since a few decades as microbes have reportedly critical tolerance mechanisms combating HM toxicity. Also their sustainable and recycled-reuse applications make them convenient and economic globally. Recent advancements in recombinant DNA technology and molecular biology have provided tailored capabilities to the genetically engineered microbes (GEMs) for metal binding, sequestration, bioaccumulation, enzyme catalysis, and exportations through recombinant channel/transporter expression. This chapter not only describes potential GEMs in HMs (specifically As and Cr) detoxification but also the principles and mechanisms of altered bioremediation capabilities in details. Besides this, key and potential gene targets for GEM production and case studies are also discussed.