An essential rainfed winter season grain legume for the global diversification of cereal-based cropping systems is lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus). Originating in the Near East, the crop spread to various regions, establishing itself in a diverse range of agro-ecologies. More than 50 countries cultivate lentils. Lentil grains are abundant in micronutrients, prebiotic carbohydrates, protein, and vitamins. In low-income areas, lentils are a staple food that is important. The lentil productivity is low because of low seedling vigor, high flower drop, low pod set, inadequate dry matter accumulation, and biotic and abiotic stress vulnerability tensions. Climate change-related biotic and abiotic stressors present a challenge to cultivation of lentils. Breeders now have the chance to further develop lentil varieties for increased grain yield, nutritive value, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses thanks to the discovery of new genes and quantitative trait loci. We go over the current obstacles and prospects for lentil development in this chapter.