The mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek] is mainly grown in East Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Indian subcontinent. This legume is known for its unique characteristics, including short growing period, low input requirements, wide adaptability, and resilience to various environmental stresses. Mungbean grains are highly nutritious, while sprouts and microgreens possess enhanced nutritional values. Breeding efforts are mainly aimed at improving its ability to withstand both biotic and abiotic stresses, including nutritional profile. However, mungbean breeders face the challenge of developing varieties with improved economic traits such as protein content, amino acid quality, and micronutrient contents. Additionally, efforts are underway to develop varieties with increased resistance to pests and diseases, as well as enhanced adaptability to diverse agroclimatic conditions. Recent breeding strategies involve integrating desired genes from related and wild Vigna species through distant hybridization, marker-assisted selection, genomics approaches, etc. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the mungbean crop, including breeding advancements, variety development, stress resilience, and nutritional enhancement prospects, and addresses the ongoing challenges and future improvement opportunities on a global scale.