This study presents a comprehensive analysis of municipal solid waste (MSW) composition and characteristics in Kanpur City, Uttar Pradesh, India. Understanding the composition of MSW is crucial for effective waste management planning and implementation. The research utilized a combination of sampling, sorting, and analysis techniques to assess the composition of MSW. A representative sample of waste was collected from various locations within Kanpur city over a period of 8 months. The waste collection information was obtained from the Municipal Corporation of Kanpur City (MCD Kanpur City). The collected waste was sorted into different categories such as organic, recyclable, and non-recyclable materials. The physical and chemical properties of the waste were also determined. The results reveal that organic waste constitutes the most significant fraction of MSW in Kanpur city, followed by recyclable materials such as paper, plastic, glass, and metal. Additionally, significant amounts of inert materials and non-biodegradable waste were observed. The moisture content, calorific value, and heavy metal content of the waste were also analyzed, providing valuable insights for potential waste-to-energy initiatives and environmental impact assessments. The findings of this study contribute to the development of sustainable waste management strategies tailored to the specific characteristics of Kanpur City. Implementation of these strategies can lead to improved waste segregation, recycling rates, and overall environmental quality in the region.