This chapter  explores the geographical emergence and evolution of cities in China, illustrating the interplay between agriculture, strategic locations, and political influence. Henan province exemplifies the shift from agrarian communities to urban centers, driven by centralized power that leveraged regional economic potential and transportation networks. Beijing’s rise, facilitated by its strategic crossroads near the Taihang and Yan Mountains, highlights the role of transportation in urban development, serving both military and economic purposes. Northeast China’s urban growth underscores the transformative impact of infrastructure, with the Middle Eastern Railway modernizing cities during the late Qing Dynasty. Ancient urban systems were closely linked with political administration, evolving from enfeoffment to county systems, with economic roles gaining prominence from the Ming Dynasty. The rise of the commodity economy, especially along the Yangtze RiverThe Yangtze River/The Yangtze River basin and coastal areas, spurred the growth of commercial and industrial towns, reshaping the empire’s economic landscape. Imperial city planning integrated political, military, and ceremonial needs, reflecting both continuity and evolution, as seen in the transition from walled cities to open urban structures in Kaifeng during the Northern Song. The histories of cities like Nanjing and Beijing highlight the significance of geographical and political factors, leaving a lasting legacy on China’s urban landscape.