Water is the essential cause of all life on earth. But the needy of purified water has been come to a challenging stage and it is needy of the present time. Wastewater generated from many sources. Disposal in its original form produces concern about environmental sustainability. The wastewater recycling and its reuse are highly attractive area for the researchers. So these problems invite the implementation of novel materials and technologies that are cost and energy efficient. In this background, graphene and its metal oxide-based composites exhibit remarkable physical and chemical properties, including a high surface area and significant surface activity. These characteristics make them highly suitable for applications in adsorbents, catalysts, and membranes used in water and wastewater treatment. Graphene oxide-metal oxide composites, in particular, have shown great potential for the large-scale removal of toxic heavy metals such as arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), and lead (Pb), as well as organic contaminants like aldehydes, dyes, and phenols from wastewater. This review aims to explore the advancements in materials and technologies for water purification, with a specific focus on graphene oxide-based metal oxide composites.