This chapter investigates the evolving role of science and technology in shaping Japan’s economy and society from the lens of “trans-science,” a discipline addressing issues that science alone cannot resolve. It explores Japan’s shift from tangible to intangible capital investments and the effect of R&D and information processing on industrial productivity. The chapter introduces a policy simulator to evaluate science and technology policies within economic and social contexts to assess the synergistic effects between sectors and the influence of intangible assets on economic growth. The overall findings concerning to the recent structure among the relationships between society and science-technology underscore the necessity of integrated science, technology, and industrial policies to effectively navigate the complexities of modern societal challenges.