This chapter delves into the critical aspects of material efficiency in construction projects, starting with the development and selection processes. It emphasizes the importance of choosing materials that enhance performance while minimizing environmental impact and waste. Readers will explore various criteria for selecting efficient materials, such as durability, recyclability, energy efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. This chapter also discusses innovative materials and technologies contributing to sustainable construction practices, including experimental investigations related to reinforcing materials, partial replacement of conventional binders, admixtures, and other composite materials. Case studies showcase successful implementations of material efficiency, demonstrating significant reductions in resource consumption and environmental impact. Moving forward, this chapter provides an in-depth exploration of life cycle assessment (LCA) as a vital tool in evaluating the environmental impacts of construction materials. It explains the LCA methodology, encompassing the entire lifespan of materials from extraction to disposal. Highlighting the importance of LCA in identifying and quantifying environmental footprints, such as greenhouse gas emissions and resource depletion, this chapter illustrates how LCA informs sustainable decision-making in material selection and project planning. Detailed case studies demonstrate real-world applications of LCA, showcasing its role in making environmentally responsible choices. Additionally, this chapter addresses challenges and provides practical guidance on overcoming hurdles associated with LCA implementation. Readers will gain comprehensive insights into how material efficiency and LCA contribute to sustainable construction practices, enabling them to make informed decisions for their projects.