This chapter delves into the essential practice of Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) in construction projects. It outlines the systematic process used to evaluate the potential environmental and social consequences of construction activities before they commence. The chapter explains the importance of ESIA in identifying, predicting, and mitigating adverse effects on the natural environment and local communities especially in the context of emerging economies. It details the key components of an ESIA, including baseline studies, impact prediction, public consultation, and mitigation strategies. The chapter also discusses regulatory frameworks and international standards governing ESIA processes, ensuring compliance and fostering sustainable development. Case studies illustrate how thorough ESIA has led to better project outcomes, highlighting best practices and common challenges. By the end of this chapter, readers will understand how to effectively conduct ESIAs, engage stakeholders, and incorporate findings into project planning to promote environmentally responsible and socially inclusive construction projects.