Acute respiratory disease in pigs caused by influenza A virus results in major economic losses for pig production globally. Various subtypes of influenza A virus of swine (IAV-S) including H1N1, H3N2, and H1N2 were found to co-circulate globally in recent years, yet genetic background, origin, and antigenic properties vary greatly from region to region. Pigs act as either intermediate hosts or a “mixing vessel” thereby viruses of different origins may reassert themselves leading to the production of novel progeny viruses that are capable of replicating and spreading among humans. The receptor for the influenza virus is the same for both pigs and humans which results in inter-species transmission. These potential factors necessitate the control of influenza A viruses in pigs as a public health concern. A key tool in the control of IAV-S is the vaccination. Targeting the major antigenic protein, hemagglutinin (HA), whole inactivated virus (WIV) with adjuvant is available which have been traditionally used. In the absence of maternal antibodies, WIV vaccines are safe and efficient against antigenically identical strains, however reduced efficacy is observed against heterologous strains or in the presence of MDAs. Therefore, a vaccine that is easy to administer and provides a greater immune response against heterologous or even hetero-subtypic strains is needed.

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Swine Influenza: A Constant Threat to Public Health

  • Santanu Pal,
  • Bavadharani Mani,
  • Tejpal,
  • Reddi Lokeswari

摘要

Acute respiratory disease in pigs caused by influenza A virus results in major economic losses for pig production globally. Various subtypes of influenza A virus of swine (IAV-S) including H1N1, H3N2, and H1N2 were found to co-circulate globally in recent years, yet genetic background, origin, and antigenic properties vary greatly from region to region. Pigs act as either intermediate hosts or a “mixing vessel” thereby viruses of different origins may reassert themselves leading to the production of novel progeny viruses that are capable of replicating and spreading among humans. The receptor for the influenza virus is the same for both pigs and humans which results in inter-species transmission. These potential factors necessitate the control of influenza A viruses in pigs as a public health concern. A key tool in the control of IAV-S is the vaccination. Targeting the major antigenic protein, hemagglutinin (HA), whole inactivated virus (WIV) with adjuvant is available which have been traditionally used. In the absence of maternal antibodies, WIV vaccines are safe and efficient against antigenically identical strains, however reduced efficacy is observed against heterologous strains or in the presence of MDAs. Therefore, a vaccine that is easy to administer and provides a greater immune response against heterologous or even hetero-subtypic strains is needed.