Reducing greenhouse gas emissions can be achieved by replacing fossil fuels in the transport sector. Fossil energy resources are finite and rapidly depleting. In addition, fossil energy use has negative impacts on the atmosphere. The use of alternative fuels has become a necessity. Representative members of the alcohol family include methanol, ethanol, butanol, and pentanol. Among various options, alcohols represents a promising solution, as their physicochemical properties are in several aspects superior to conventional diesel and gasoline. From a sustainability viewpoint, alcohols are advantageous because their inherent oxygen reduces exhaust emissions. The book reviews mechanical, chemical, and biochemical processes for alcohol production and examines current developments, barriers, prospects, and utilization pathways.