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This paper presents a simulation-based comparative study of Nickel–Cadmium (Ni–Cd) and Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH) batteries for electric vehicle (EV) applications. A multistage constant current charging scheme, optimized by a Proportional-Integral (PI) controller, is used to evaluate the charging performance of both battery types. The study examines factors such as charge time, charging efficiency, and energy efficiency. The results indicate that Ni–Cd batteries charge faster and demonstrate superior charging efficiency in terms of voltage, current, and State of Charge (SOC) increment, making them more suitable for applications requiring rapid charging. This analysis highlights the trade-offs between different battery technologies and the significance of optimized charging strategies. The findings provide valuable insights for selecting appropriate battery technologies and developing efficient charging systems for EV applications.

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Multistage Constant Current Charging Scheme of NICD and NIMH Using PI Controller: A Comparison

  • 会议论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Somendra Banerjee,
  • Awadhesh Kumar,
  • V. K. Giri,
  • Sarika Shrivastava,
  • Priyanshu Shrivastava,
  • Vibhuti Yadav,
  • Manju Prajapati

摘要

This paper presents a simulation-based comparative study of Nickel–Cadmium (Ni–Cd) and Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH) batteries for electric vehicle (EV) applications. A multistage constant current charging scheme, optimized by a Proportional-Integral (PI) controller, is used to evaluate the charging performance of both battery types. The study examines factors such as charge time, charging efficiency, and energy efficiency. The results indicate that Ni–Cd batteries charge faster and demonstrate superior charging efficiency in terms of voltage, current, and State of Charge (SOC) increment, making them more suitable for applications requiring rapid charging. This analysis highlights the trade-offs between different battery technologies and the significance of optimized charging strategies. The findings provide valuable insights for selecting appropriate battery technologies and developing efficient charging systems for EV applications.