In India, anaemia is still a major public health issue among women of reproductive age who belong to Scheduled Tribes (ST). Using information from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS), this study investigates the prevalence, trends, and contributing factors of anaemia in ST women. Despite several policy efforts, the results show a consistently high prevalence, rising from 59.92% in NFHS-4 (2015–16) to 64% in NFHS-5 (2019–20). The frequency is highest among younger women (15–19 years old) (60.3%), and rural women are more afflicted than their urban counterparts (45.61%). Key variables are highlighted by multiple logistic regression analysis, which reveals that rural women have considerably greater odds of anaemia than their urban counterparts (OR: 1.136, 95% CI: 1.093–1.181). Additionally, women from wealthier homes had lower odds than those from poorer households; the richest women have an OR of 0.716 (95% CI: 0.670–0.765). Furthermore, nutritional status is protective; women who are overweight had a lower risk of anaemia than women who are underweight (OR: 0.575, 95% CI: 0.550–0.602). Significant geographical differences are also noted, with the north-eastern region showing lower odds than the northern region (OR: 0.334, 95% CI: 0.308–0.362). In order to reduce the anaemia burden among ST women in India, the study emphasizes the critical need for focussed interventions that address socio-economic inequities, nutritional deficits, and regional vulnerabilities.