Indian women were found to have poor diet quality, nutritional inadequacy, and a high incidence of chronic calorie deficiency. Moreover, women of marginalized social groups consume too few nutrients, and their food is generally of poor quality. This study aims to assess the nutritional state of women in the reproductive age group, given the critical role of nutrition in mother and child health in India. The research adopts a cross-sectional approach. It employs anthropometric, dietary, and socio-economic indicators to assess the nutritional well-being of women aged 15–49 years. For this purpose, data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-5 and empirical literature were used. The evaluation was based on body mass index along with a person’s body weight and height as indicators to determine the prevalence of undernutrition and overnutrition. Food consumption patterns, nutrient intake, and diet diversity are assessed using the rich dietary information in NFHS-5 datasets. Furthermore, socio-economic factors, including educational status, household income, and social status, are identified as the determinants influencing women’s nutritional status. The study’s major findings provide valuable insights into the nutritional challenges faced by women in the reproductive age group. Considering dietary deficiencies’ prevalence and contributing factors, the study suggests that policymakers should ensure targeted policies to benefit vulnerable groups. Further, adequate nutritional interventions by health professionals can improve this vulnerable population’s overall health and well-being. However, this study contributes to the ongoing efforts to address malnutrition. Furthermore, it can promote sustainable development, explicitly enhancing women’s health outcomes during their reproductive age.