Despite being a food surplus country, India still faces challenges of malnutrition, unequal food distribution, and emerging dietary difficulties such as obesity and inadequate intake of micronutrients. Therefore, timely and evidence-based information for evaluating food and nutrition security will pave the way for adequate interventions aiming to enhance nutrition and food security. The chapter delves into the intricacies of the current nutrition and food security status of India in comparison with the other South Asian countries. About 740 million people are undernourished globally, and Asia is home to 55% of the people affected by hunger. Furthermore, one-third of the world’s undernourished people (234 million) live in India. India had one of the highest anaemia rates among women (15–49 years), with a slight decrease from 53.2% in 2012 to 53.0% in 2019. Additionally, the prevalence of anaemia among adults and under-five children varies significantly across Indian states. Although, India has now achieved food self-sufficiency, there is a significant disparity in the consumption patterns across states and regions. In 2021, 74.1% of people in India still cannot afford a healthy diet. Evidences suggest that, India has made a significant progress in reducing the malnutrition rates in both rural and urban areas but the increased trends of anaemia among both adult and children remain a key challenge for planners and policymakers. Though India has implemented a number of nutrition-related flagship programmes, proper monitoring and evaluation of these programmes still remain a challenge.