Black Feminists’ Resistance and the Intersectional Agenda in the #MustFall Movements in South Africa
摘要
From 2015 to 2016, the higher education sector in South Africa (SA) was shaken by a radical wave of Black student uprisings demanding a decolonized higher education, including the #RhodesMustFall and #FeesMustFall movements. By adopting an intersectional approach, “#MustFall” activists redefined Black pain with reference to all sites of oppression, including racism and patriarchy at the center of their interrogation. In this paper, I specifically explore the role of Black feminists and their intersectional praxis in the #MustFall student movements. Research shows that despite the progress in raising women’s voices, Black feminists continued to be sidelined by patriarchal dominance within the #MustFall leadership. In addition to confronting masculinized violence, Black feminists themselves experienced internal tensions that led to the fracturing of the intersectional alliance and ultimately contributed to the collapse of Fallism. In conclusion, I argue that the “#MustFall” generation of Black feminists played a key part in promoting an inclusive student-led movement through intersectional coalitions. However, their resistance to lingering patriarchy in movement leadership fueled conflicts around gender and expedited the demise of the movements. Building upon the incompleteness of intersectional activism in the #MustFall movements, future research could compare the different strategies advanced by female and male Fallists respectively, specifically focusing on gendered performance of violence. Moreover, it is important to further investigate the hierarchy within women activists that may have reproduced marginalization among Black feminist activists and challenged the assumption about the egalitarianism of feminist struggles in contemporary social movement studies.