Thailand is among the most vulnerable countries to climate change, with climate change causing substantial impacts on Thailand’s economy and ecosystem. In response to this challenge, important elements of governance have been developed to better manage climate change impacts. Thailand has made great progress in developing policies and institutional mechanisms as well as integrating them into national sectoral and national development policies and plans. This improvement provides a favorable environment for the robust implementation of climate change adaptation under the Paris Agreement regime. The orientation of Thailand’s climate change adaptation governance has been steadily reformulated to move toward a polycentric mode, with diverse instruments formulated, cross-scale institutional arrangements and multilevel actors. The Climate Change Master Plan (CCMP) and the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) were developed as national plans to build adaptive capacity and enhance climate resilience. However, these plans must be further implemented at the local level. Conflicts and other societal problems in Thailand are expected to be exacerbated by climate change, as climate change often results in a scarcity of natural resources (forest, land, and water) that are essential for basic and economic needs. In addition, adaptation interventions in one area/sector either positively impact (synergies) or negatively impact (trade-offs or potential conflicts) the others. Maladaptive actions can also increase the risk of adverse climate-related outcomes and conflicts. Therefore, adaptation options under Thailand’s NAP should be further assessed to maximize synergies and reduce trade-offs. The adaptation options that have multiple benefits while avoiding conflict should be given priority. Although Thailand has been greatly affected by climate change and is prone to conflict, the links between these two phenomena remain understudied. Hence, an improved empirical and theoretical understanding is needed to obtain more details of climate change-conflict linkages in Thailand.