This chapter examined African socialism, communalism, and the social contract theory as theoretical and philosophical foundations of silencing the guns in Africa. It posits that the decisions by the AU heads of state and government to adopt the Silencing the Guns initiative as part of the May 2013 Solemn Declaration is a form of the increasing quest to solve African problems using African Indigenous solutions. Thus, the chapter argues that just as in previous African indigenous strategies for Africa’s development, there have been questions on the survival and relevance of the STG due to the prevalence of conflict in the African continent. Based on these theoretical and philosophical foundations relating to the STG, many of the challenges facing the STG stem from bad leadership on the African continent, colonial heritage and politics in the international political system. The chapter concludes that the STG initiative is threatened by a number of internal contradictions within Africa. The chapter recommends that African leaders should address the problems of fragile leadership and bad governance in their various states for the STG initiative to be successful.