Crop production is always suffered by socio-economical conditions such as increase of fuel prices and environmental conditions such as climate changes. Particularly recent global warming is suffering sustainable crop production in developing countries; thus, we have to provide countermeasures against high temperature disorder, desertification, and salinization of agriculture land. Among several scientific and technological measures, the use of plant genetic resources (PGR) to improve crops genetically is most reliable and cost-efficient in developing countries. The Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development (SATREPS) program promotes international collaborative research to address these global issues. The program is structured as a collaboration between Japan Science and Technology Agency and the Japan International Cooperation Agency. This book provides applicable examples of PGR and its genetic information solving issues caused by such as global warming and extreme environmental issues in the projects and also to present achievements by the use of novel PGR and its information on crop production in developing countries. This book covers various genetic resources, such as rice, wheat, tomato, chili pepper, quinoa, forage crops, cassava, banana, and rubber tree. Science and technology achievements obtained using PGR in developing countries by the projects could be useful for the increase of agricultural production in developed countries.