Population development is a prerequisite for sustainable economic development, and the level of sustainable regional development depends on the extent to which population size is harmonized with the economy, society, resources, and environment. An accurate understanding of the development history, structural distribution, spatial distribution, and future trends of a population is conducive to the formulation of national and regional development plans and population policies. This chapter provides an overview of China’s fertility and migration policies and an understanding of the structural and spatial distribution of China’s population by analyzing and summarizing the development of its population and predicting future trends in population change. The objectives of this chapter are as follows: 1. To master the measurement and characterization of population growth and structure. 2. To understand the differences in the spatial geographical distribution of a population. 3. To familiarize with population fertility and migration policies.