Regional development factors, quality, model, and system differences contribute to regional development imbalance and development differences. In the process of development, both efficiency and fairness should be taken into account. China’s development and core proposition of development geography research in the new era are aimed at ensuring quality and coordinated development among regions. The comprehensive analysis method of factors in geographical research is an integrated analysis of the differences in regional development factors, which makes it possible to achieve coordinated regional development in eastern, central, and western China under the guidance of the government’s macro-policy and the market regulation mechanism, and finally realize the convergence of China’s economic, social, and ecological environmental development. The evolution of regional development is the concrete reflection of regional economic, political, social, and cultural evolution, and also the further interpretation of a regional development mechanism. The planning and optimization of territorial space in the new era is the basis of the national macro-control and the embodiment of the national development concept, which not only requires the balance of inter-regional development but also emphasizes the resilience of the regional system, that is, to achieve green and sustainable development and take the path of ecological civilization development. The objectives of this chapter are as follows: (1) To explore the evolution of regional development as a reflection of economic, political, social, and cultural dynamics and elucidate regional development mechanisms. (2) To underscore the significance of spatial planning and optimization in contemporary territorial governance, which are essential for national macro-control and embody sustainable development principles.