Differences in regional geographic development among countries and regions are one of the research focuses of development geography and a special feature of development geography research. Various indicators for measuring regional geographic development differences can reflect the development differences between different regions within countries and between different countries from different perspectives, and then help analyze the causes and theoretical origins of the regional differences between the western and eastern regions, and between developing and developed countries. The objectives of this chapter are as follows: 1. To learn how to use various indicators such as economy, population, culture, education, and ecological resources to measure geographic development differences between countries and regions. 2. To understand the geographic development differences and their causes by studying the current development status in the economic, population, education, and cultural aspects of representative developing and developed countries. 3. To study the role of resources and environment in regional sustainable development.