Measuring resource and environmental carrying capacity and eco-efficiency is conducive to a full understanding of the coordination between social development and resource and environmental protection. This chapter analyzes the role of environmental protection and ecological civilization construction in geographic development, the measurement and characterization of environmental capacity and resource and environmental carrying capacity, the measurement and characterization of eco-efficiency, the spatial layout of the ecological civilization construction and sustainable development strategy, and the path of transformation and policy choices for underdeveloped regions. It also proposes the development of the economy, the protection of the ecological environment, and adherence to green, low-carbon recycling and sustainable development. The objectives of this chapter are as follows: 1. To understand the role of environmental protection and ecological civilization construction in geographical development. 2. To understand the measurement and representation of environmental capacity, resource and environmental carrying capacity, and ecological development efficiency. 3. To become familiar with the spatial layout of China’s ecological civilization construction and sustainable development strategy.