Near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging instruments are a class of advanced biomedical imaging devices specifically designed to visualize tissues and biological activities in vivo, with high sensitivity and resolution. These instruments utilize light (often with a laser) to excite fluorescent probes, which can emit near-infrared (NIR) light after being excited. NIRF imaging technology stands out for its remarkable ability to penetrate tissues with near-infrared light, enabling more in-depth exploration within the body than visible light, offering an advantageous tool for detecting and distinguishing cancer, cardiovascular disease, and other relevant conditions.