The rapid advances in science and engineering combine the computational and physical elements to factor different scales and behaviours by means of mechanisms, increasing the adaptability, autonomy, efficiency, functionality, reliability, safety, security, and usability of evolving complex software systems (Matthew et al. in Eur Sci J 13(36) (2017) [1]; Javaid et al. in Green Technol Sustain 1(1) (2023) [2]). These systems are termed “Cyber-Physical Systems [CPS]”. CPS directly record physical data using sensors and affect physical processes using actuators. They evaluate and save recorded data and actively or reactively interact both with the physical and digital worlds connected with one another and in global networks via digital communication facilities. CPS use globally available data and services and have a series of dedicated, multi-modal human–machine interfaces. The nature of the evolving complex software systems is best reflected in the usage of the term “Technium” first used by Kevin Kelly [3]. The “Technium” is the accumulation of connected inventions that humans have created with its own agenda, laws and its own evolutionary processes and methodologies. Technium is a sort of a kingdom of nature that is not at all like humans. This submission deliberates on positioning the CPS in the context of “Technium” defined for the purpose as “the greater, global, massively interconnected system of technology”. CPS is a key element in in the implementation of the concepts of Industry 4.0 and beyond. Transportation and energy, Healthcare and Medicine, Environment and Sustainability and virtually everything smart are providing viable systems for the stakeholders including the industry to implement the core principles of CPS. This submission is to explore the implications of CPS beyond the current state-of-the-art.