From the perspective of low-carbon transition in the supply chain, this study constructs a two-party evolutionary game model between NEV manufacturers and upstream battery suppliers, considering the influence of fairness concerns. It analyzes the low-carbon transition path of the NEV supply chain and conducts numerical simulations to compare with the theoretical model. The study draws the following conclusions: Government rewards and penalties can effectively regulate the low-carbon transition of the NEV supply chain, with penalties being more effective. There exists an optimal cost-sharing ratio that allows vehicle manufacturers to effectively incentivize the low-carbon production behavior of upstream battery suppliers. The impact of the fairness concern coefficient on the low-carbon transition of the NEV supply chain is related to the role of the enterprise within the supply chain. Overall, this study provides certain recommendations and theoretical support for government policy-making and the low-carbon production transition of the NEV supply chain.