This chapter explores the foundational principles of rational decision-making, in which logic and evidence play central roles. Rational decision-making involves selecting actions that maximize the likelihood of achieving specific goals. However, its effectiveness depends on the quality and completeness of the information used to define and analyze the problem. This chapter reviews traditional frameworks, including decision-making under uncertainty, game theory for strategic decision-making, and multi-objective decision-making. It critically examines their underlying assumptions and explores their strengths and limitations in real-world contexts.