Water contaminants have adverse effects on ecosystems, prompting significant attention toward purifying them in recent years. The primary challenge lies in discovering economically efficient methods for developing scalable water purification technologies. Various bioinspired and bio-nanomaterials have gained widespread use in treating environmental pollutants due to their high specific surface area, size, and catalytic properties. However, some bio-nanomaterials encounter challenges in eliminating pollutants due to a shortage of active adsorption sites. Modifying the surface of bioinspired through innovative adaptations could enhance their adsorption capability. Additionally, incorporating advanced membranes could significantly improve the ability to treat pollutants. While chemical and physical approaches have been successful, their reliance on hazardous chemicals makes them energy-intensive, costly, and environmentally detrimental. Exploring sustainable membrane preparation techniques, such as incorporating eco-friendly polymers innovative deposition methods, could offer promising alternatives to address these challenges in pollutant removal and improve the overall efficiency of filtration processes. In contrast, nanobiotechnology-based biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) has emerged as a nature-derived, eco-friendly, and cost-effective fabrication method, reducing the ecological impact of the nanomaterial (NM) industry. Over the last decade, various biological materials have been explored to determine their suitability for NM fabrication. This chapter explores the application of innovative bioinspired/bio-nanomaterials and their composites for wastewater treatment, with a primary focus on synthesizing bioinspired/bio-nanomaterials for adsorption and membrane fabrication. The aim is to achieve removal of hazardous pollutants, and this chapter incorporates the latest advancements and inventive strategies in the field into its discussion.