Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have become an integral part of our society, playing a crucial role in powering hybrid and electric vehicles (HEVs and EVs). With the increasing demand for LIBs, understanding their development and applications is of paramount importance. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of LIBs for automotive use, including their significance in the automotive industry. It highlights their pivotal role in advancing vehicle electrification and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The chapter then delves into current battery technologies, focusing on battery chemistry, materials, and performance metrics. It examines the latest advancements and innovations in LIB technology, including cathode/anode materials and electrolytes. Following this, the chapter discusses the challenges and opportunities in the field, addressing technical hurdles and cost factors while also exploring potential breakthroughs and innovations that could enhance battery performance. Furthermore, safety and environmental considerations associated with LIBs are also discussed, emphasizing the importance of ensuring the safety and sustainability of battery technologies throughout their lifecycle. Finally, the chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the current dynamics and future growth prospects. This chapter serves as a valuable resource for researchers, engineers, and policymakers seeking to understand the current state and future prospects of LIBs for EV and HEV applications and the broader implications for the transportation sector and environmental sustainability.