Concerns about global warming and toxicity have been raised during the commercial manufacturing and usage of polyurethanes (PUs), which are produced from isocyanates and polyols derived from fossil fuels. This chapter discusses some case studies from the life cycle assessment (LCA) framework to look into the environmental challenges during PU production. It focuses on materials such as foams, coatings, insulators, and bio-based polyols. The chapter commences with a brief overview of the development of PUs and current trends in their synthesis, including topics such as non-isocyanate polyurethanes (NIPUs), bio-based polyols made from vegetable oils, and techniques used to produce polyurethane dispersions (PUDs). Along with providing a thorough explanation of methodology, life cycle inventory, impact assessment, and interpretation, it also discusses the importance of LCA in evaluating the environmental implications of PU materials. Several case studies on PU materials’ LCA are presented, demonstrating how LCA methodologies help in assessing polymers’ environmental impact in various locations. By methodically identifying and evaluating objectives, inventory data, impact assessments, and interpretations within the PU industry, this chapter highlights the potential for advancing technologies to produce less hazardous PU materials. It also emphasizes the significance of choosing appropriate LCA techniques.