This study examines the essential role of carbohydrates in plant immunity and protection, highlighting their dual function as structural and signaling molecules vital for plant defense mechanisms. Carbohydrates, such as polymers containing cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin, form the principal defensive barrier in plant cell walls against microbial invasion. The research investigates the role of oligosaccharide fragments such as microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in eliciting innate immune responses. Furthermore, it explores the importance of glycoproteins and glycolipids in pathogen identification and signal transmission, emphasizing the role of oligogalacturonides (OGs) in activating defense systems. Recent results highlight the role of carbohydrates in systemic acquired resistance (SAR), emphasizing their signaling functions beyond simple energy supply. The present study will categorize plant carbohydrates, clarify carbohydrate-mediated immunological processes, and evaluate their effects on disease resistance while examining current research trends and future directions in this field. Research on enhancing plant defense through carbohydrate tailoring presents a new avenue for sustainable strategies, contributing to global food security and ecosystem stability. Future studies should explore these connections.