This chapter seeks to clarify the contextual factors and challenges inherent in quality assurance practices at two prominent national universities in Vietnam. It further provides recommendations to improve the effectiveness of quality assurance within these institutions. This chapter is organized into three primary sections. The initial part delves into an analysis of the quality assurance landscape, encompassing topics such as the context of university autonomy, awareness of and commitment to quality assurance, the quality assurance mechanism, accreditation practices, and the pursuit of international rankings. Subsequently, the following section concentrates on an in-depth examination of the limitations and challenges encountered in quality assurance at national universities. Particular emphasis is placed on the diversity of training models, the adequacy of human resources dedicated to quality assurance, and the availability of resources for post-accreditation quality assurance and improvement initiatives. The final part of the chapter presents recommendations aimed at bolstering the effectiveness of the quality assurance system within national universities.