Vitamin D plays an imperative role in maintaining musculoskeletal health by regulating calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism. It enhances intestinal calcium absorption, promoting optimal bone mineralization and preventing disorders like rickets and osteomalacia. Beyond skeletal health, vitamin D influences muscle function, strength, and coordination, reducing the risk of falls and fragility fractures in the elderly. Deficiency in vitamin D is prevalent globally and is linked to impaired bone density and increased fracture risk. Emerging evidence also highlights its role in managing chronic musculoskeletal disorders, such as fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, and osteoarthritis. Chronic vitamin D deficiency has been implicated in exacerbating symptoms of fibromyalgia through its effects on pain modulation, inflammation, and muscle function. Among other effects, vitamin D has also been associated with improved muscle strength, reduced injury risk, and enhanced performance in athletes. Conversely, its deficiency can impair physical function and predispose individuals to stress fractures and muscle injuries. Factors such as limited sun exposure, dietary insufficiencies, and aging contribute to suboptimal vitamin D levels, necessitating supplementation in at-risk populations. This chapter underscores the importance of vitamin D in musculoskeletal health and advocates for its adequate intake to improve quality of life.