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In this study, we conducted source apportionment and source region analysis of elemental concentrations of coarse mode aerosol (PM10) using principal component analysis (PCA), trajectory analysis, and conditional bivariate probability function (CBPF) in Varanasi, situated over central Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) of India. In this case, 34 elements (Mg, Na, Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Zr, Mo, Ag, Pm, Y, Rb, Pd, Fr, U, Pb, B, P, S, Cl, Br, Nb, Sr, F, As, and Ba) were extracted from PM10 samples using WD-XRF technique. PCA identified six sources (crustal/soil/road dust, biomass burning, industrial emissions, agricultural activities, combustion, and vehicular emissions) of elemental concentrations of PM10 over Varanasi. Trajectory analysis indicated contribution to PM10 concentration transported from Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, partially from Rajasthan, Gujarat, West Bengal, and some parts of Madhya Pradesh, with additional transboundary emissions from Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Nepal. CBPF analysis predicted the local PM10 emissions from North-East, South, West, and North-West directions, with major contributors including Ganga ghats, religious places, market areas, and traffic activities.

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Analysis of Source and Source Region of Coarse Mode Aerosol (PM10) in Varanasi, India

  • 会议论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Preeti Tiwari,
  • Bharat Ji Mehrotra,
  • Manoj K. Srivastava,
  • Manoj Kumar,
  • Narayanasamy Vijayan,
  • Sudhir Kumar Sharma

摘要

In this study, we conducted source apportionment and source region analysis of elemental concentrations of coarse mode aerosol (PM10) using principal component analysis (PCA), trajectory analysis, and conditional bivariate probability function (CBPF) in Varanasi, situated over central Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) of India. In this case, 34 elements (Mg, Na, Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Zr, Mo, Ag, Pm, Y, Rb, Pd, Fr, U, Pb, B, P, S, Cl, Br, Nb, Sr, F, As, and Ba) were extracted from PM10 samples using WD-XRF technique. PCA identified six sources (crustal/soil/road dust, biomass burning, industrial emissions, agricultural activities, combustion, and vehicular emissions) of elemental concentrations of PM10 over Varanasi. Trajectory analysis indicated contribution to PM10 concentration transported from Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, partially from Rajasthan, Gujarat, West Bengal, and some parts of Madhya Pradesh, with additional transboundary emissions from Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Nepal. CBPF analysis predicted the local PM10 emissions from North-East, South, West, and North-West directions, with major contributors including Ganga ghats, religious places, market areas, and traffic activities.