Cashew kernel separating (CKS) activity is one of the critical activities in all cashew nut processing factories in India, where female workers manually separate the cashew kernels from cracked cashew nut shells. Most of this work is performed using awkward postures by these female workers, and this working condition can contribute to work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). However, the prevalence of WMSD among female workers engaged in CKS activity has barely been examined to date. Thus, this study aimed to examine the prevalence of WMSDs and assess ergonomic risk among female workers engaged in CKS activity in cashew factories in Andhra Pradesh, India. Fifty-two female workers from five different cashew factories were randomly selected for this study. The prevalence of WMSDs among the workers was assessed using the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ). Further, the rapid upper body assessment (RULA) tool was used to analyze the working postures. Results indicated that 76.9% of the female workers had experienced the prevalence of WMSDs during past 12 months. Lower back (75.0%), hands/wrist (67.5%), shoulders (45.0%), and neck (37.5%) were the four most commonly reported body regions of WMSDs. The evaluation of working postures indicated that the adopted postures were highly risky, requiring further investigation and immediate change. In a nutshell, the findings of this study highlighted that female workers in CKS activity are at high risk of developing WMSDs, and immediate ergonomics measures are required to improve their working conditions.