The conventional conceptualization of accountability tends to associate accountability with electoral democracy, in which elections serve as the primary mechanism that allows the (powerless) public to hold (powerful) politicians accountable. “Accountability usually means that voters know, or can make good inferences about, what parties have done in office and reward or punish them conditional on these actions” (Stokes, 2005, p. 316). Under democratic arrangements, the citizens can remove corrupt politicians from office by voting, which constrains state power and enhances accountability (Ferraz & Finan, 2007; Held, 2004; Olsen, 2013). Elected politicians are thus legitimated to hold the unelected bureaucracy accountable for the implementation of policies, which is referred to as political accountability over the bureaucracy. Some scholars, thus, even claim that “no parliament means no accountability” (Jabbra & Dwivedi, 1988, p. 255).